Indication of subsurface seawater intrusion into the Indus delta, Sindh, Pakistan

Due to climate change impacts, seawater intrusion is a major issue in various river deltas around the globe, including Indus delta, Pakistan. The has severely affected freshwater resources as well livelihood of people living delta. Thus, this study was aimed evaluate subsurface into delta based on groundwater quality data. Around 180 samples, randomly collected from area, were analyzed for chloride, carbonate, and bicarbonate concentrations. Based these concentrations, indication determined using Simpson’s ratio ionic analysis, such chloride bicarbonate. Also, an interpolated map analysis results ratios developed ArcGIS 10.5. Overall, present revealed that about 88% by intrusion. impact observed wells near Thatta Sujawal towns area. However, 12% still unaffected Various factors reduction flow change, sea-level rise are potential causes This may be taken baseline policymakers start mitigation measures against degradation save environment further deterioration. isotopic area recommended.